1. History of kidney stones, evaluatechange in position
2. Foreign bodies
3. Bowel perforation
4. Acute bowel obstruction
ABC’S of abdominal radiographs….
Air, Bones, Calculi, Soft Tissues….
Obstruction Series
•Supine - no substitute
•Looking for
•Gas pattern
•Calcifications
•Soft tissue masses
•Prone or lateral rectum
•Erect or left decubitus
•Chest - erect or supine
Prone abdomen
•Looking for
•Gas in rectum/sigmoid
•Gas in ascending anddescending colon
•Substitute – lateral rectum
•Should always
see gas in
rectum
Erect Chest X-ray
•Looking for
•Pneumoperitoneum-most sensitive (1-2cc)
•Pneumonia at bases
•Pleural effusions
•Substitute – supinechest
* Pearl: A lateral erect cxr has been
found to be even more sensitive for
diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum
than an erect chest x-ray.
Erect abdomen
•Looking for
•Pneumoperitoneum
•Air-fluid levels
Left lateral decubitus:(Substitute for erect abd)
2nd best view looking for
pneumoperitoneum
(Can detect 5 cc free air)
FREE AIR
Normal Gas Pattern
•Stomach
•Always has air
•Small Bowel
•2-3 loops
•Normal diameter = 2.5 cm
•Large Bowel
•In rectum or sigmoid– almost always
Normal fluid levels on erect ordecubitus views
•Stomach
•Always
•Small Bowel
•2 or 3 levels possible
•Should be short
(< 2.5 cm long)
•Large Bowel
•None normally
COLON: Peripheral SMALL BOWEL: Central
Haustra: extend 1/3 across Valvulae: extend across
COLON Folds SMALL BOWEL Folds
Stool may be present
Abnormal Gas Patterns
•Localized ileus
•Several persistently dilated loops large or small bowel
•Sentinel loops
•Gas in rectum/sigmoid
•Generalized ileus
•Mechanical SmallBowel Obstruction(SBO)
•Mechanical LargeBowel Obstruction(LBO)
Supine
Prone
Prone
25 yo with lower abdominal pain
PancreatitisUlcer
Diverticulitis
Cholecystitis
Appendicitis
UlcerUreteral calculus
Sentinel Loops
•Gas in dilated SB &colon to rectum
•Long air-fluid levels
•Bowel soundsabsent or hypoactive
•Post-op patients
Generalized IleusKey Features
Mechanical SBOKey Features
•Dilated small bowel
•Fighting loops
•Air/fluid levels atdifferent heights
•Little gas in colon,especially rectum
•Key:disproportionatedilatation of SB
Case #1. 50 yo male presents with abdominal pain. Hisobstruction series shows a SBO. Which of the followingcauses of a SBO could be definitively made on hisobstruction series?(select all that apply)
Audience Question
a.Gallstone ileus
b.Small bowel volvulus
c.Internal hernia
d.Adhesions
e.External hernia
Mechanical SBOCauses
•Adhesions
•Volvulus
•Intussusception
•External Hernia*
•Gallstone ileus*
*Cause may be visible on plain film
Air in gallbladder
Ectopic gallstone
Gallstone Ileus
Rigler’s triad:
SBO
Ectopic gallstone
Air in biliary system
SBO
Mechanical LBOKey Features
•Dilated colon to point of obstruction
•Little or no air in rectum/sigmoid
•Little or no gas in small bowel, if…
•Ileocecal valve remains competent
Mechanical LBOCauses
•Tumor
•Volvulus
•Sigmoid, cecal
•Hernia
•Diverticulitis
•Intussusception
Summary of features of LBO vs SBO
SBOLBO
Bowel diameter SB > 3 cm LB > 5 cm
Position of loops Central PeripheralNumber of loops Many Few
Fluid levels Many, short Few, longBowel markings Valvulae HaustraLarge bowel gas No Yes
Colonic volvulus
•Sigmoid Volvulus, Cecal Volvulus
•Both involve a twisting of the mesentery resulting in LBO
Sigmoid Volvulus
•Coffee bean sign
•Proximal colon alsodilated (LBO)
•Older patients
•Acquired laxity ofsigmoid mesocolon
•Prone to recur
supine
Typical history: patient in 40’s or 50’s withabdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
CECAL VOLVULUS: Single dilated loop of colon
50 yo with abdominaldistention. This film showswhich 1 of the following?
Audience Question
a.Pneumatosis
b.Rigler’s sign
c.Portal venous gas
d.Ascites
e.Ventral hernia
Extraluminal AirExtraluminal Air
•Pneumoperitoneum
•Ruptured hollow viscus
•Perforated ulcer
•Perforated diverticulitis
•Perforated carcinoma
•Trauma
•Instrumentation
•Abscess
•Intramural Air
Most common signs of pneumoperitoneum
•Air below diaphragm
•Rigler’s sign: air on both sides of bowel wall visible
•Aka Bas Relief Sign
Rigler’s sign
Normal comparison
Both sides of bowel wall visible
Less common signs ofpneumoperitoneum
•Falciform ligamentsign
•Lucent liver sign/liver edge sign
•Football sign
•Air outlining peritonealcavity
Falciform ligament sign
Supine viewLarge amount of air
LIVEREDGE SIGN
LUCENTLIVER
SIGN
Potential Pitfalls forpneumoperitoneum
•Atelectasis
•Chilaiditi’s Sign: Interposition of airfilled loops of bowel above liver
Chilaiditi's sign
2 patients: One has subsegmental atelectasis.Which 1 has pneumoperitoneum?
Pneumoretroperitoneum
Abscesses
•Small bubbles of air (< caliber of normal bowel)
•Triangular collections of air
•Unusually large collections of air
*
*
Intramural Air
•Causes:
•Infection
•Ischemia
•Ulcer
•Penetrating injury
•Iatrogenic (endoscopy)
•Linear or cystic
•GI tract, Gallbladder, Bladder
RUQ pain
25 yo schizophrenic female withabdominal distention
Emphysematous cystitis
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Soft Tissue Masses
•Hepatosplenomegaly
•Mass (tumor, abscess, cyst)
•Focal region of increased density
•Bowel displacement
•Asymmetry of bowel gas pattern
Myomatousuterus
splenomegaly
Distended bladder, decompressed after catheterization
Several hours later
55 yo with left flank pain:This supine view showssigns of…